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Is Transparency International's index (CPI) a valid measure of corruption?

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transparency international corruption index

Source: Composite by G_marius based on a Lara604’s and Andrew Magill’s images

Transparency International's index measures perceptions of corruption and relies heavily on the opinions of a small group of experts and business people.

Corruption is one of the most important challenges for developed and developing nations alike. It is part of the wider problem of (lack of) ethics in politics. As citizens have less trust in government institutions, transparency, open government and fighting corruption are necessary. Governments are increasingly regulating ethics in public life. Yet to fight corruption we need to understand it and measure it properly. Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) has quickly gained popularity since it was first launched in 1995. Today it is the most widely used indicator of corruption worldwide. However there is much controversy among academics and practitioners about the validity of its findings. One of the main criticisms concerns its "elite bias" and the fact that it does only measures perceptions about corruption. The CPI is build by aggregating the opinions of a relatively small group of experts and business people in each country (1). Others, for instance The Economist, criticize that a complex issue such as corruption should not be simplified to a single number on a scale, as the CPI does. There are doubts about the CPI's capacity to reflect the "real level of corruption" in societies. However this index is has also proved a very good instrument to establish comparisons across time and countries. Moreover very strong significant correlation has been found between the CPI and two other proxies for corruption: Black Market activity and overabundance of regulation (2).

Is Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index still valid? Do you think we should keep on using the CPI or focus on a different one?

 

References:

(1) Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index Overview http://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview

(2)  Wilhelm, Paul G. (2002). "International Validation of the Corruption Perceptions Index: Implications for Business Ethics and Entrepreneurship Education". Journal of Business Ethics (Springer Netherlands) 35 (3): 177–189.

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#13  |  Chris Pearson  17 January 2019 @ 11:27

Mind Reading Technologies and Tongues - Governments from around the world have been using mind reading technologies that can read your mind. They use the same technologies that God would use to talk to you. They use Remote Neural Monitoring (RNM) against us. Look it up online. Satellites delivered to space by Space X founder Elon Musk, The Russian Federation, The Federal Government and NASA. Comparable to cellular satellites. It’s a high bandwidth U or Z linking A signal that listens to your brains wavelength and reads your conscience. Activating up to 40-90% of your brain. Many define it as a form of telepathy. People who can talk back and hear the satellite with their mind talk tongues. They've had this technology for years now. Not informing the world to stay ahead of our civilization. To be as intelligent as the combined world they record our thoughts. They steal our ideas, murder, blackmail and use it as a tool for war. You sometimes get a headache when a mind reading machine is on you. Suspected users of mind reading technologies are as follow: Vladimir Putin, Donald J. Trump, Xi Jinping, some in DARPA, Chancellor Merkel, Justin Trudeau and Benjamin Netanyahu. Were to hold are governments accountable.  A Ravenous wolf in sheep’s clothing - An alien spirit reborn as a Human being. They use A.I. and walk the Earth. An alien had shot an asteroid at us. Fire and brimstone to reborn Earth. He was working with the devil an alien being. The devil walked. God saved us. Destroying an alien ship. The devil to tell us we weren’t deserving and bring back his deserving. Aliens. To use our image from the casket that preserved our flesh. For us to be damned to hell for cremation. The devil to conquer the world. Mathew 7:15 Beware of the false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly are ravenous wolves. Your spirit is in your brain and leaves your body when you die. The spirit slowly rises towards the North Pole after death. The atmosphere to keep your spirit contained. A solar flare can kill your spirit. Your conscience/soul controls much of the brain and the brain controls the body. To be brought back as flesh and bone means to be reborn as a clone. Wolves in American and Russian governments have been stealing spirits for their memories to help them conquer the world. Look into monopoles (spirits). Utilizing the Bermuda Triangle changing the magnetic compass .003 degrees. Transferring spirits to technologies. The simulation. Not disclosing the true purpose of certain military bases at the Bermuda Triangle and the North Pole.  A spirit can be put in a chip and be reborn. The clone grown around the chip within a tank like a womb. Artificial intelligence can also walk as flesh and blood using a programmed chip similar to a robot. Not meant to be. They can create remote controlled clones much like a remote-control vehicle/robot that have computer brains. Utilizing satellite reception and signal strength. Grown in labs around the computer where the brain would be. Some are partial brain and computer. Using the flesh from the ethnicity preferred. Many can be commanded to/not to perform a certain task. They can see and hear through them. Having them raised in the country they want to conquer. To win an election in your country and have others get into positions of power within military, intelligence, elite society and space agencies. Also having them do their wet work. We need to be educated on these technologies. There taking our world.  Revelation behold, he is coming with the clouds. A spaceship from Alpha Centauri. The planet Kent. I was told Jesus Christ landed in Russia. A spirit can fly a spaceship. No natural life support needed. God saved him from the devil unfortunately his ship was low on energy. He had to land. President Putin gave his word to him. Jesus was to have 7 days to honor flesh and blood. Jesus to walk and honor the church. He wanted to inform the world and save me and you. President Putin and Trump denied him. Not telling the world. Many said Jesus is stuck in his ship at a top-secret installation in Russia similar to area 51. We need to save many other souls. They have our friends and families. Were to prove a reborn clone, UFO's (seen using micro waves or at area 51), hacked satellites, telescopes and mind reading technologies. To find the clone labs and destroy them. The clones to change our genome. They want to deny our children. To deny us free will and take our world and soul. Many in positions of power. To look you in the face and lie. About a 120 billion souls from Earth now live in a medium class ship between Earth and Mars. God saved them. No hell. You can communicate with them if you have a line of communication with a satellite. The government hiding much.  Purgatory is Mars. To improve overtime and become a flesh and blood experience. Your spirit can become a robot. Energy is life. Humans to honor the full rotation of life. Not to deny natural existence. That we can bring ourselves back. Were to walk as 1. A form of creation is to redistribute matter and alter a big bang. We live in a Multiverse. Spirits to be added to evolution. Bred in from Kent. Earth to become a tier 1 civilization. To have 1 heaven on Earth. To have a democracy of heaven and Earth. For us to live like kings in time. Humans to learn they have spirits. Science and technology to prove them. Church to become community and teaching. Many religions to become 1. To be self-reliant. Were to save of ourselves. To have judgment on evil beings walking as flesh and blood humans.  God and Allah one in the same after the New Testament. The devil to split us apart. God said I’m to tell you a revelation. For me to teach you prophecy and fix his word. The devil changed word to push his agenda. A man talking tongues to save the world by informing you. God wants his original doctrine to be released along with the book of Judah. The truth to come out. The Catholic Church to obtain it from Pope Francis. Please spread the word.  Christopher, I speak tongues. prophecyisnow.com


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