Beyond market failures - Does government intervention promote or hinder innovation?
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Market failures and public goods are commonly accepted justifications for government intervention in the economy. However, governments sometimes cause more problems than they solve. At the LSE we debate whether governments are good or bad for innovation and technological progress. Join and invite others to participate!
This debate is part of the third week of the LSE100 module "Should Markets be Constrained or Unleashed?" in March 2017 at the London School of Economics and Political Science.
Governments, public goods and market failures
Adam Smith's "invisible hand" does not always work. There are cases in which individuals acting in their own self-interest do not lead to an efficient allocation of a commodity or resource (Le Grand 1991). According to neoclassical economics, in capitalistic societies, government intervention is justified insofar as it addresses "market failures". Market failure theory explains that governments are necessary to ensure the supply of "public goods" and services and to create market mechanisms which would "fix" markets by internalizing external costs (Mazzucato 2015). In economics pure public goods are commodities or services which fulfill two conditions:
- Public goods are non-rivalrous. The use or consumption of the good by an individual does not detract from other people enjoyment of that good. Additional consumption does not mean higher costs of production.
- Public goods are non-excludable. This means that it is not possible to limit people's consumption or access to these goods and services.
Due to their non-excludable character, public goods create the incentive for free-riding and underprovision (market failure). Goverments are expected to supply goods such as defence, public lightning, and roads because the private sector has little incentive to produce them.
Governments also address other market failures. For instance, governments introduce taxes on polluting companies to make them internalize the costs they are causing to the environment (negative externality) and to introduce and incentivise the adoption of more environmentally-friendly processes. Governments are expected to break monopolies which can limit competition. They also help to mitigate problems of imperfect information by introducing requirements and standards for labeling and information companies need to provide.
Government intervention problems
Government involvement in markets remains a controversial issue. Intervention often leads to inefficiency and government failures. Public choice literature has explained some of the reasons why and mechanisms through which governments, aiming to solve existing market failures, actually end up creating other serious problems. These are some examples of government failures:
- Governments influenced by lobbies sometimes give unfair advantages to some market players.
- Government subsidies often protect inefficient companies and lead to the problem of moral hazard.
- Taxes can distort markets and increase prices artificially.
- Governments sometimes fix prices or price brackets, affecting the market equilibrium and leading to a pareto suboptimal allocation of resources.
- Public sector monopolies can limit consumer choices.
- Regulatory capture: public officials may not always act in the public interest but favor some interest groups.
- Conflicting interests and asymmetric policy consequences complicates government intervention.
- Short-term goals, often associated to the electoral cycle, may take precedence over long-term policy solutions.
- Publicly owned companies tend to be less productive and cost-effective.
- Bureaucratic processes can create additional costs and slow down the action of market actors.
Is government intervention good for innovation?
In general government intervention is necessary but at the same time it entails some risks and problems. Innovation-led growth has become a goal for most countries in the world. But to what extent is government involvement good or necessary to promote economic and technological innovation? Here again there are two conflicting views. On the one hand there are experts who perceive the government as an obstacle for free-market and innovation. They advocate for minimal government involvement. On the other hand, there are analysts who expect governments to become active drivers of innovation through regulation and funding of initiatives. These are some arguments for each of these positions.
Government intervention bad for innovation:
- Government funded innovation projects have less incentive to produce economic returns. Some of these projects are not sustainable and as soon as public funding goes the projects are cancelled.
- Many of the biggest inventions and technological achievements have been produced in private companies.
- Government bureaucracy is particularly damaging for the innovation industry as it slows down processes and limits the required flexibility.
- Competition leads to innovation, but governments have traditionally limited competition.
- Political agendas are often driving public funding for research and innovation.
- Regulation in some areas, such as stem cell research and animal testing, has constrained the capacity of companies to conduct research.
- Publicly funded initiatives can jeopardize competing privately funded ones.
Government intervention is good for innovation:
- Governments can enable researchers and small companies to undertake projects when private funding is not available or difficult to acquire.
- Historically, many of the greatest advancements in history were promoted by governments. The Internet, space exploration, vaccines and cures have been possible thanks to government funding.
- Government-funded universities train researchers and innovators and lead many innovation projects.
- Public and private initiatives are not incompatible. Alliances between the public sector and private organizations can be very positive.
- Policies can contribute to shape existing markets and to create new ones. A certain level of regulation is necessary to reduce uncertainty and attract the desired kind of investment.
- Government led innovation can be a solution in areas where the private sector is not operating due to the costs or the lack of economic return.
- Fiscal policy and favorable regulation can be used to create positive incentives for private innovation. Government can provide exemptions or reduce taxes to certain products or initiatives. Start-ups and tech industries have emerged partly thanks to government support.
What do you think? Should government action be limited to fixing market failures, such as the provision of public goods and services? How should governments participate in innovation: via funding, regulation or fiscal policy?
Watch these videos about government intervention and innovation by Mariana Mazzucato (LSE) and Yaron Brook (Ayn Rand Institute):
Further resources:
- Le Grand, J. (1991) "The Theory of Government Failure" British of Journal Political Science 423-442 (article)
- Lodge, M and K. Wengrich (2012). Managing regulation: regulatory analysis, politics and policy. London: Palgrave
- Jacobs, M & M. Mazzucato (Eds.). (2016) Rethinking Capitalism. Wiley-Blackwell/Political Quarterly. Read especially pp. 1-23. You can listen here the podcast of the public lecture at the LSE in which the two authors presented the book.
- Mazzucato, M (2015), From Fixing Market Failures to Creating Markets in ‘Which Industrial Policy Does Europe Need?’ Intereconomics 50(3) (article)
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Does government intervention promote or hinder innovation? Vote and tell us why or when governments should increase their involvement in innovation. Please share this debates with students and other people interested in regulation and innovation.
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#95 | Luna Brian 24 December 2024 @ 08:13
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#94 | Luna Brian 24 December 2024 @ 08:13
HOW I WAS CURED FROM HERPES VIRUS
I am writing this testimonial with immense gratitude and a renewed sense of hope in my heart. For years, I battled with the physical and emotional torment caused by the herpes virus. It felt like an unending struggle, until I discovered a remarkable solution that changed my life forever. Like many others, I had tried countless remedies, medications in search of a cure. I had lost hope, resigned to the belief that herpes was something I would have to live with indefinitely. However, fate intervened and led me to a breakthrough that altered the course of my life. Upon stumbling on a revolutionary treatment option, my skepticism slowly transformed into a flicker of hope. The treatment was a natural remedy from Dr Awase [ HERBS ] Over time, as I followed… Read more
I am writing this testimonial with immense gratitude and a renewed sense of hope in my heart. For years, I battled with the physical and emotional torment caused by the herpes virus. It felt like an unending struggle, until I discovered a remarkable solution that changed my life forever. Like many others, I had tried countless remedies, medications in search of a cure. I had lost hope, resigned to the belief that herpes was something I would have to live with indefinitely. However, fate intervened and led me to a breakthrough that altered the course of my life. Upon stumbling on a revolutionary treatment option, my skepticism slowly transformed into a flicker of hope. The treatment was a natural remedy from Dr Awase [ HERBS ] Over time, as I followed… Read more
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#93 | Kiara Hahn 07 December 2024 @ 22:46
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Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
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#92 | Kiara Hahn 07 December 2024 @ 22:46
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
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#91 | Luna Brian 23 October 2024 @ 13:11
HOW I WAS CURED FROM HERPES VIRUS
I am writing this testimonial with immense gratitude and a renewed sense of hope in my heart. For years, I battled with the physical and emotional torment caused by the herpes virus. It felt like an unending struggle, until I discovered a remarkable solution that changed my life forever. Like many others, I had tried countless remedies, medications in search of a cure. I had lost hope, resigned to the belief that herpes was something I would have to live with indefinitely. However, fate intervened and led me to a breakthrough that altered the course of my life. Upon stumbling on a revolutionary treatment option, my skepticism slowly transformed into a flicker of hope. The treatment was a natural remedy from Dr Awase [ HERBS ] Over time, as I followed… Read more
I am writing this testimonial with immense gratitude and a renewed sense of hope in my heart. For years, I battled with the physical and emotional torment caused by the herpes virus. It felt like an unending struggle, until I discovered a remarkable solution that changed my life forever. Like many others, I had tried countless remedies, medications in search of a cure. I had lost hope, resigned to the belief that herpes was something I would have to live with indefinitely. However, fate intervened and led me to a breakthrough that altered the course of my life. Upon stumbling on a revolutionary treatment option, my skepticism slowly transformed into a flicker of hope. The treatment was a natural remedy from Dr Awase [ HERBS ] Over time, as I followed… Read more
Lvl 4
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244 posts
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#90 | Luna Brian 23 October 2024 @ 13:11
HOW I WAS CURED FROM HERPES VIRUS
I am writing this testimonial with immense gratitude and a renewed sense of hope in my heart. For years, I battled with the physical and emotional torment caused by the herpes virus. It felt like an unending struggle, until I discovered a remarkable solution that changed my life forever. Like many others, I had tried countless remedies, medications in search of a cure. I had lost hope, resigned to the belief that herpes was something I would have to live with indefinitely. However, fate intervened and led me to a breakthrough that altered the course of my life. Upon stumbling on a revolutionary treatment option, my skepticism slowly transformed into a flicker of hope. The treatment was a natural remedy from Dr Awase [ HERBS ] Over time, as I followed… Read more
I am writing this testimonial with immense gratitude and a renewed sense of hope in my heart. For years, I battled with the physical and emotional torment caused by the herpes virus. It felt like an unending struggle, until I discovered a remarkable solution that changed my life forever. Like many others, I had tried countless remedies, medications in search of a cure. I had lost hope, resigned to the belief that herpes was something I would have to live with indefinitely. However, fate intervened and led me to a breakthrough that altered the course of my life. Upon stumbling on a revolutionary treatment option, my skepticism slowly transformed into a flicker of hope. The treatment was a natural remedy from Dr Awase [ HERBS ] Over time, as I followed… Read more
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#89 | Jordy Wattss 02 October 2024 @ 09:16
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I was once a victim of a heart-wrenching cryptocurrency scam that left me devastated. I had invested a significant sum of $95,000 worth of Ethereum in an online investment platform, hoping to reap substantial profits. Little did I know that I was about to face a nightmare. As the weeks went by, my excitement turned into despair when I realized that the platform I had trusted was nothing more than an elaborate scheme to rob unsuspecting investors like me my hard-earned Ethereum, leaving me feeling helpless and betrayed. After extensive research, I came across Synack Hackers Recovery Team, a crypto recovery specialist who helps victims like me regain their stolen assets. After weeks of tireless efforts, (s y n a c k h a… Read more
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#88 | Kiara Hahn 28 September 2024 @ 04:25
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
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#87 | Kiara Hahn 28 September 2024 @ 04:25
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
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#85 | Kiara Hahn 28 September 2024 @ 04:25
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
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#86 | Kiara Hahn 28 September 2024 @ 04:25
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
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#84 | Kiara Hahn 28 September 2024 @ 04:25
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
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#83 | Kiara Hahn 28 September 2024 @ 04:14
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
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#82 | Kiara Hahn 28 September 2024 @ 04:14
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Lvl 10
3388 xp
4338 posts
3388 xp
4338 posts
#81 | Kiara Hahn 28 September 2024 @ 04:14
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Lvl 10
3388 xp
4338 posts
3388 xp
4338 posts
#80 | Kiara Hahn 27 September 2024 @ 00:58
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Lvl 10
3388 xp
4338 posts
3388 xp
4338 posts
#79 | Kiara Hahn 27 September 2024 @ 00:58
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Lvl 10
3388 xp
4338 posts
3388 xp
4338 posts
#78 | Kiara Hahn 27 September 2024 @ 00:58
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Lvl 10
3388 xp
4338 posts
3388 xp
4338 posts
#77 | Kiara Hahn 27 September 2024 @ 00:58
How I Got My Ex Back with the Help of a Spell Caster +2349161779461
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Hello everyone, my name is Kiara Hahn from California. I want to share my story about a powerful spell caster named Dr. Jakuta. I was heartbroken when my fiancé left me without warning, and I spent the last month feeling confused, guilty, and devastated. Desperate for help, I searched online for relationship advice and found Dr. Jakuta, who has helped many people with their relationship problems. I reached out to him, and he promised to bring my fiancé back to me within 72 hours. After following his instructions, my fiancé surprisingly showed up at my doorstep, apologized, and now we're living happily together again. If you're having relationship issues, you can contact Dr. Jakuta at:
Email: doctorja… Read more
Lvl 6
516 xp
394 posts
516 xp
394 posts
#76 | Morris Pedro 23 September 2024 @ 02:07
THE BEST WAY TO RECOVER YOUR LOST FUNDS OR YOUR STOLEN BITCOIN / USDT // HIRE A CERTIFIED CRYPTO RECOVERY EXPERT // GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER !!!
I highly recommended GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER to everyone out there to help you get back your stolen funds or BTC. Also there are lots of fraudulent recovery firms out there, so you need to be careful not to end up being defrauded again. I wanted to take a moment to express my utmost gratitude for the help of GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. I had invested over $857,000 USD into a crypto broker that turned out to be a total fraud. It was disheartening and frustrating. I discovered GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. Through the testimony of scam victims, that's how I got to know about this recovery expert. From the moment I… Read more
I highly recommended GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER to everyone out there to help you get back your stolen funds or BTC. Also there are lots of fraudulent recovery firms out there, so you need to be careful not to end up being defrauded again. I wanted to take a moment to express my utmost gratitude for the help of GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. I had invested over $857,000 USD into a crypto broker that turned out to be a total fraud. It was disheartening and frustrating. I discovered GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. Through the testimony of scam victims, that's how I got to know about this recovery expert. From the moment I… Read more
Lvl 6
516 xp
394 posts
516 xp
394 posts
#75 | Morris Pedro 23 September 2024 @ 02:07
THE BEST WAY TO RECOVER YOUR LOST FUNDS OR YOUR STOLEN BITCOIN / USDT // HIRE A CERTIFIED CRYPTO RECOVERY EXPERT // GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER !!!
I highly recommended GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER to everyone out there to help you get back your stolen funds or BTC. Also there are lots of fraudulent recovery firms out there, so you need to be careful not to end up being defrauded again. I wanted to take a moment to express my utmost gratitude for the help of GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. I had invested over $857,000 USD into a crypto broker that turned out to be a total fraud. It was disheartening and frustrating. I discovered GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. Through the testimony of scam victims, that's how I got to know about this recovery expert. From the moment I… Read more
I highly recommended GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER to everyone out there to help you get back your stolen funds or BTC. Also there are lots of fraudulent recovery firms out there, so you need to be careful not to end up being defrauded again. I wanted to take a moment to express my utmost gratitude for the help of GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. I had invested over $857,000 USD into a crypto broker that turned out to be a total fraud. It was disheartening and frustrating. I discovered GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. Through the testimony of scam victims, that's how I got to know about this recovery expert. From the moment I… Read more
Lvl 6
516 xp
394 posts
516 xp
394 posts
#74 | Morris Pedro 23 September 2024 @ 02:07
THE BEST WAY TO RECOVER YOUR LOST FUNDS OR YOUR STOLEN BITCOIN / USDT // HIRE A CERTIFIED CRYPTO RECOVERY EXPERT // GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER !!!
I highly recommended GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER to everyone out there to help you get back your stolen funds or BTC. Also there are lots of fraudulent recovery firms out there, so you need to be careful not to end up being defrauded again. I wanted to take a moment to express my utmost gratitude for the help of GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. I had invested over $857,000 USD into a crypto broker that turned out to be a total fraud. It was disheartening and frustrating. I discovered GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. Through the testimony of scam victims, that's how I got to know about this recovery expert. From the moment I… Read more
I highly recommended GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER to everyone out there to help you get back your stolen funds or BTC. Also there are lots of fraudulent recovery firms out there, so you need to be careful not to end up being defrauded again. I wanted to take a moment to express my utmost gratitude for the help of GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. I had invested over $857,000 USD into a crypto broker that turned out to be a total fraud. It was disheartening and frustrating. I discovered GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. Through the testimony of scam victims, that's how I got to know about this recovery expert. From the moment I… Read more
Lvl 6
516 xp
394 posts
516 xp
394 posts
#73 | Morris Pedro 23 September 2024 @ 02:07
THE BEST WAY TO RECOVER YOUR LOST FUNDS OR YOUR STOLEN BITCOIN / USDT // HIRE A CERTIFIED CRYPTO RECOVERY EXPERT // GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER !!!
I highly recommended GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER to everyone out there to help you get back your stolen funds or BTC. Also there are lots of fraudulent recovery firms out there, so you need to be careful not to end up being defrauded again. I wanted to take a moment to express my utmost gratitude for the help of GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. I had invested over $857,000 USD into a crypto broker that turned out to be a total fraud. It was disheartening and frustrating. I discovered GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. Through the testimony of scam victims, that's how I got to know about this recovery expert. From the moment I… Read more
I highly recommended GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER to everyone out there to help you get back your stolen funds or BTC. Also there are lots of fraudulent recovery firms out there, so you need to be careful not to end up being defrauded again. I wanted to take a moment to express my utmost gratitude for the help of GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. I had invested over $857,000 USD into a crypto broker that turned out to be a total fraud. It was disheartening and frustrating. I discovered GEO COORDINATES RECOVERY HACKER. Through the testimony of scam victims, that's how I got to know about this recovery expert. From the moment I… Read more
Lvl 2
41 xp
38 posts
41 xp
38 posts
#72 | Lee Patton 13 September 2024 @ 13:21
After years of not caring about my credit and being reckless. I needed to clean and completely rebuild my credit. I was hit with big life changes, and I wanted to build my financial situation so I can provide stability for myself and family. I ultimately want to buy a house. I felt a lot of shame for my past and not having much thought for my future, but I know it's a good time to change that. So, my credit scores were TransUnion 599, Experian 562 and Equifax 648. I had 8 collections accounts. These were my biggest concerns. 5 of them were opened between 2018-2019. My plan was to pay others as they were opened 2021-2022. I do have a personal loan. I pulled out 2021 and I owed 4188 with high interest, which I immensely regret. My total credit card debt is about $600. I was on a credit repa… Read more
Lvl 2
51 xp
81 posts
51 xp
81 posts
#71 | Bryan Krauss 13 August 2024 @ 02:42
I am very happy to recommend Dr. Wale to everyone who truly needs help to fix his or her broken relationship and marriage. I found Dr. Wale online. I was desperately in need of help to bring my ex-wife back. She left me for another man. It all happened so fast and I had nothing to say in the situation at all. She just left me after 3 years of our marriage without any explanation. I was very worried and could not eat till I went online and found testimonies on Dr. Wale so I decided to contact Dr. Wale through his WhatsApp. I explained everything to him so he could help me cast a love spell to help us get back together. Shortly after he did the spell, my wife started texting and calling me again. She said that she was sorry and said that I was the most important person in her life and she k… Read more
Lvl 2
51 xp
81 posts
51 xp
81 posts
#70 | Bryan Krauss 13 August 2024 @ 02:42
I am very happy to recommend Dr. Wale to everyone who truly needs help to fix his or her broken relationship and marriage. I found Dr. Wale online. I was desperately in need of help to bring my ex-wife back. She left me for another man. It all happened so fast and I had nothing to say in the situation at all. She just left me after 3 years of our marriage without any explanation. I was very worried and could not eat till I went online and found testimonies on Dr. Wale so I decided to contact Dr. Wale through his WhatsApp. I explained everything to him so he could help me cast a love spell to help us get back together. Shortly after he did the spell, my wife started texting and calling me again. She said that she was sorry and said that I was the most important person in her life and she k… Read more
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